Labour Law Group Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labour Law Group Project - Assignment Example 1. Procedure in employment of Bob The first process in hiring Bob from UK will involve Abulaziz determining if he requires employment confirmation from the foreign country. After determining the requirement for an employment confirmation, he will be required to apply for the confirmation as he will hire Bob as a professional worker. The next step will involve application for a work permit from the country and wait for a port of entry after agreeing on the terms. 2. Employing a UEA national The process involved in hiring Noura will not be similar as the labor and employment of terms in Dubai considers the UEA National terms. The procedure will then be short as the employment of a foreign worker. 3. Features of a limited contract †¢ The contract has specific start and end dates †¢ The contract cannot have a term of more than 4 years but is renewable †¢ The employment is terminated at the end of contract 4. Specific information in Bob’s contract Nature of the contract Type of work Terms of the contract Wages and benefits of the contract Date of employment contract 5. Position of probation period in Law Probation period in the law should not be more than six months and Abulaziz is not allowed through the law to impose probation period more than once to Bob. 6. Difference between basic and total wages Basic wages are those that are stated in the employment contract and exclude allowances, travel, housing and accommodation. Total wages include wages that are in the contract with inclusion of allowances, travel, housing and accommodation.

Water Hardness Essay Example for Free

Water Hardness Essay METHODS: 1. Prepare an approximate 0.004 M disodium EDTA solution. To prepare this solution, weigh about 0.7-0.8 g of Na2EDTA and dissolve in 500 mL deionized water in your plastic bottle. Make to to shake the bottle to dissolve the salt. 2. Obtain a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask and transfer a 10 mL of CaCO3 using a buret into the flask. 3. Measure 30 mL of deionized water and add it into the titration flask. 4. Make sure to stir the solution 5. Inside a fume hood, add 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH10) into the flask and stir for another 30 seconds. 6. Add four drops of Eriorchrome Black T indicator solution. Stir for another 30 seconds 7. Begin titration. Record your initial volume and final volume. At the endpoint, the color will change to pink to violet to blue. 8. Repeat this titration two more times. Now that you recorded the volume, your second and third trial should be a lot easier. 9. Take your water sample that you obtain from the stockroom and record the unknown number. 10. Transfer 25 mL of the unknown water sample to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. 11. Add about 20 mL of deionized water to the titration flask. Stir for 30 seconds 12. Inside a fume hood, add about 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH10) and stir for another 30 seconds. 13. Add four drops of Eriorchrome Black T indicator solution to your flask and stir for 30 seconds. 14. Begin titrating. Record you initial volume and final volume. Repeat this twice more. Calculate the average hardness and your experimental precision from the three trials. RESULTS: EDTA Solution: 0.7533g of Na2EDTA mixed with 500ml DI water Table A: Standardization of EDTA Trial| Start Volume| End Volume| Amount of EDTA| 1| 3.90ml| 29.85ml| 25.95ml| 2| 5.35ml| 28.35ml| 23.00ml| 3| 0.45ml| 23.50ml| 23.05ml| Moles EDTA calculations 1st and 3rd trial (10.1 mL CaCO3) x (1L/1000ml) x 1.000g CaCO3/1L) x (1 mole CaCO3/100.1 g CaCO3) x (1 mole EDTA / 1 mole CaCO3) x (1000ml/L) = 0.101moles EDTA/L 2nd trial (9.90 ml CaCO3) x (1L/1000mL) x (1.00 g CaCO3/L) x (1 mole CaCO3/100.1g CaCO3) x (1 mole EDTA/1 mole CaCO3)x (1000 mL/1L) == 0.099 moles EDTA/L Mean molarity: (0.101 + 0.099 + 0.101)/3 = 0.100 moles EDTA / L Water hardness calculations Unknown water sample #24 Table 2. Water sample Trial| EDTA | Water sample #24| 1| 13.45ml| 25.1ml| 2| 13.35ml| 25.5ml| 3| 13.50ml| 25.0ml| CaCO3 molar mass: 100.1g/mole 1st trial (13.45 mL EDTA/25 mL of unknown water sample) x (1L/1000mL) x (0.101 moles EDTA/1L) x (1mole CaCO3/1 mole EDTA) x (100.1 g CaCO3/1 mole) x (1000 mg CaCO3/1g) x (1000mL/1L) == 5439.2 mg CaCO3/1L 2nd trial (13.35 mL EDTA/25 mL of unknown water sample) x (1L/1000mL) x (0.099 moles EDTA/1L) x (1mole CaCO3/1 mole EDTA) x (100.1 g CaCO3/1 mole) x (1000 mg CaCO3/1g) x (1000mL/1L) == 5291.9 mg CaCO3/1L 3rd trial (13.50 mL EDTA/25 mL of unknown water sample) x (1L/1000mL) x (0.101 moles EDTA/1L) x (1mole CaCO3/1 mole EDTA) x (100.1 g CaCO3/1 mole) x (1000 mg CaCO3/1g) x (1000mL/1L) == 5459.5 mg CaCO3/1L Calculate the total hardness in ppm CaCO3 1st trial 13.45ml EDTA x (0.004M/1000ml) x (100.1g CaCO3/1mole CaCO3) x (1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3) x (1000L/25.1ml) = 214.6 ppm CaCO3 2nd trial 13.35ml EDTA x (0.004M/1000ml) x (100.1g CaCO3/1mole CaCO3) x (1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3) x (1000L/25.5ml) = 209.6 ppm CaCO3 3rd trial 13.50ml EDTA x (0.004M/1000ml) x (100.1g CaCO3/1mole CaCO3) x (1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3) x (1000L/25ml) = 216.2 ppm CaCO3 Average ppm (216.2 + 209.6 + 214.6)/3 = 213.5ppm CONCLUSION: The concentration was concluded to be 213.5 ppm in the unknown which is right about in between Phoenix’ water hardness which is 164-291 ppm. REFERENCE: Department of Chemistry.(2012,February).Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness.Mesa Arizona City of Phoenix Official Website http://phoenix.gov/waterservices/quality/index.html

GeoStrategic Importance of Pakistan

GeoStrategic Importance of Pakistan Geo- Strategic means importance of a country or a region as by virtue of its geographical location. Geo political is defined as, stressing the influence of geographic factors on the state power, international conduct and advantages it derives from its location. Pakistan is located at a region which has a great economic, political and strategic location. It has been the hub of great activities for the past twenty years. Stephen Cohn describes this importance While history has been unkind to Pakistan, its geography has been its greatest benefit. It has resource rich area in the north-west, people rich in the north-east. Pakistan is a junction of South Asia, West Asia and Central Asia, a way from resource efficient countries to resource deficient countries. The world is facing energy crisis and terrorism. Pakistan is a route for transportation, and a front line state against terrorism. Pakistan has witnessed the intervention of three great powers Britons, U.S.S.R and U.S. Its significance is further enhanced during the cold war when it became the alley of the U.S policy of containment of U.S.S.R and now the post cold war era has witnessed its significance politically after the event of 9/11. Pakistans Geographical Location: Pakistan is located in southern Asia. It is located between 24 and 36.5 Northern latitude and between 61 and 75.5 eastern latitude. The area of Pakistan is estimated at 803,940 square kilometers. Pakistan is the bridge between South Asia and South West Asia. Towards the North western part of Pakistan there lies Afghanistan. Pakistans boundary with Afghanistan is about 2,250 kilometers long. In the north, it runs along the ridges of the Hindu Kush (meaning Hindu Killer) mountains and the Pamirs, where a narrow strip of Afghan territory called the Wakhan Corridor extends between Pakistan and Tajikistan. This strip is about 16 to 25 kilometers long. The boundary line between Pakistan and Afghanistan is called Durand Line and it was drawn by Sir Mortimer Durand in 1893 and he was the foreign sectary of British India and was acceded to by the ameer of Afghanistan that same year. It was not in doubt when Pakistan became independent in 1947, although its legitimacy was in later years disputed periodically by the Afghan government as well as by Pakhtun tribes straddling the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. On the one hand, Afghanistan claimed that the Durand Line had been imposed by a stronger power upon a weaker one, and it favored the establishmen t of still another state to be called Pashtunistan or Pakhtunistan. On the other hand, Pakistan, as the legatee of the British in the region, insisted on the legality and permanence of the boundary. The Durand Line remained in effect in 1994. In the northeastern tip of the country, Pakistan controls about 84,159 square kilometers of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. This area, consisting of Azad Kashmir (11,639 square kilometers) and most of the Northern Areas (72,520 square kilometers), which includes Gilgit and Baltistan, is the most visually stunning of Pakistan. The Northern Areas has five of the worlds seventeen highest mountains. It also has such extensive glaciers that it has sometimes been called the third pole. The boundary line has been a matter of pivotal dispute between Pakistan and India since 1947, and the Siachen Glacier in northern Kashmir has been an important arena for fighting between the two sides since 1984, although far more soldiers have died of exposure to the cold than from any skirmishes in the conflict. From the eastern end of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, a boundary of about 520 kilometers runs generally southeast between China and Pakistan, ending near the Karakoram Pass. This line was determined from 1961 to 1965 in a series of agreements between China and Pakistan. By mutual agreement, a new boundary treaty is to be negotiated between China and Pakistan when the dispute over Kashmir is finally resolved between India and Pakistan. The India-Pakistan Border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is the international boundary between India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat from provinces of Punjab and Sindh. Pakistan borders India in the East. The border resulted from the Partition of India in 1947. The Line of Control (L.O.C) separates The Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir from Pakistan administered Azad Kashmir. Wagah, the ceremonial point of crossing between India and Pakistan lies along this border between the Indian city of Amritsar and the Pakistani city of Lahore, and is within close distance of both cities urban sprwal. The boundary with Iran, some 800 kilometers in length, was first delimited by a British commission in 1893, separating Iran from what was then British Indian Balochistan. In 1957 Pakistan signed a frontier agreement with Iran, and since then the border between the two countries has not been a subject of serious dispute. To the South of Pakistan , Arabian sea and Indian ocean are located. The costal belt of Pakistan is about 700 kilometer. Pakistan significance is enhanced as it located near the Persian Gulf from where 65% oil of the world is produced. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: 500 BC , one of the worlds first great civilizations began to develop in the Indus Valley in what is now Pakistan.Ruin of Harrapa and Mhenjo- Daro , were the two major cities of the civilization, show that both were large and well planned. By about 1700 BC, the Indus Valley civilization had disappeared. Experts dont know why it collapsed. During the next several thousand years, many people from southwest and Central Asia came into the region that is now Pakistan. About 1500 BC, a Central Asian people called Aryans came through the mountains passes to the Punjab region. In time, they settled across almost all of india. The Persians conquered the Punjab during the 500 BC and made it part of the huge Achmenid empire. In 236BC, Alexander the great took control of most of what is now Pakistan, a few years later, the emperor Chandra Gupta Mauriya made the region, part of Mauriyan empire. The Mauriyan Empire began to break up about 230BC. Greeks from the independent state of Bacteria in Central Asia then invaded the Indus valley, they established kingdom with capitals near the present day cities of Peshawar and Rawalpindi. About 100BC Scythians from Afghanistan came into Baluchistan and Sindh. In time they conquered the Indus region. The Parthian, who in turn was conquered by the Kushans of Central Asia, replaced Afghans. The Kushans ruled what is now Afghan. Pakistan and northwest India from about AD 50 mid 200s. They controlled the trade routes from China to India and the Middle East, Peshawar, the kushan capital, became the major commercial center. During the mid 300 the Indus valley become part of the Gupta Empire which had expanded westward from northeastern India, Huns from Central Asia conquered the empire in mid 400s. The coming of Islam, In AD 711,Arabs Muslims sailed across the Arabian sea and invaded Sindh bringing Islam to the region, Beginning about AD 1000 Turkish Muslim invaded Northern Pakistan from Iran. The Turkish ruler Mehmood of Ghazni established a Muslim kingdom that in time including the entire Indus Valley. Lahore become the capital of the kingdom and developed into a major entre of Muslim culture. In 1206, most of what is now Pakistan became part of the Delhi Sultanat, a Muslim empire that included Northern India. The Delhi Sultanat lasted until 1526, when Babar a Muslim ruler from Afghanistan, invaded India and established the Mughul Empire. By far Sher Shahs greatest legacy is the modern Grand Trunk road which ran from Bengal to Attock, however some claim it ran right up to Kabul. Along the way Baulis and Sarais were constructed which are the equivalent of Modern day Service stations. Some 450 years later, an incompetent ruler of Modern Pakistan also fancied going down in History as Sher Shah Suri. The result, a road though one of the best in the world but a white elephant for the Pakistani Nation.

A Feminist Rhetorical Tradition of Women Fighting For Their Right to Sp

The country is crying out for liberty and equality. Every man and woman has the right to express his/her opinions,† echoes Mariah S. Stewart, the first African-American female to speak amongst a mixed race and gender crowd. Since the very moment men dictated women to act as children, seen and not heard, fervent female voices refused the patriarchal oppression aimed at quelling the efforts of their female gender’s. With a social order firmly placed in position and accepted in large by those in political and social power, women activists continued to work towards impeding the subjection, which denounced them as the weaker, unintellectual, unspiritual, less virtuous and inarticulate sex. While some of these women used the power of Christianity as a vehicle to assert their concerns of women’s lack of freedom, they simultaneously chastised men for condemning their gender as less righteous, which was essentially against God’s order. The prevalence of womenâ€℠¢s activist roots contextualizes women in a cultural manifestation of societal change. By tracing a synopsis of some of the key figures in the anti-slavery agenda, woman’s war on race and sexism, woman’s fight for equality in religiosity and ministerial vocation, and more exclusively, the women’s rights movement, we can identify in a historical tradition of rhetoric the preeminence of the female voice and her passionate declaration for individual rights to freedom and happiness Recognized as a contemporary, as well as contributor, to the leading philosophers, Plato, Socrates, Xenophon and Aristophanes of the Common Era, historians regard Aspasia of Miletus as a key figure in political and rhetorical theory. In Cheryl Glenn’s essay, â€Å"Sex, Lies and Manuscript: Refiguring Aspasia in the... ...ignificant to the women’s movement, but also to contemporary scholarship where women’s voices are often marginalized and silenced over their male counterparts. Challenging the â€Å"contemporary academic and cultural scene† forces women to regain their place in western rhetorical history while also urging women to be aware of the importance in writing themselves into history (Glenn 181). Willard speaks of the action women must take in order to persevere over female hardship; she states, â€Å"The world is wide, and I will not waste my life in friction when it could be turned into momentum.† With these words, it is important to consider that change is not met by stagnation of a voice, but instead it is initiated by passionate women who within their voices can reach a majority of opposing listeners fearlessly and demand with great articulation that change must persist.

Research Task for Childcare

Unit 4 – Keeping Children Safe Hand in Date – 21st May 2012   Explain how strategies to establish and maintain healthy, safe and secure environments in early years settings are supported by legislations. E1. Identify legislation which influences healthy, safe and secure environments for early years settings. List 10 of the main laws that underpin the provision of healthy, safe and secure environments for young children. Give the full title and date. D1.Explain how legislation can support strategies to establish and maintain healthy, safe and secure environments in early years settings. Write about how relevant laws support ways to keep the environment of settings healthy, safe and secure. At least 3 ways which may include: having policies and procedures, regulatory body inspections, staff ratios, CRB checks, working with parents and other professionals, training, resources. ——————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Task 2 Describe the environment and procedures necessary to keep children safe who: * Receives a bump on the head Has an asthma attack * Has sickness and diarrhoea * Shows symptoms and signs of meningitis E2. Describe the procedures which will keep a child safe for each accident, illness or emergency. For each accident, illness or emergency listed in the assignment task, describe the procedures that will keep the child safe. State the main aims of the procedures, e. g. asthma attack – Administration of medicines procedure will clearly set out what the practitioner should do. D2. Explain how establishing a safe environment can support the procedures necessary for accidents, illnesses and emergencies. Associated essay: Childcare Level 2, Unit 2 AssignmentWrite about how creating an environment in the setting which is safe will help appropriate procedures for accidents, illnesses and emergencies to be written, implemented and understood by everyone in the setting. Produce a booklet covering all these accidents and emergencies. ————————————————- Task 3 Plan the care for a child aged 1 year and a child aged 3 years for a full day in the setting AND: * Consider ways to maintain the security and privacy of the children and to respect their wishes. E3. Plan the appropriate care of a child aged 1 for a full day in the setting.Provide a care plan that shows understanding of how to meet the overall care and development needs of a child aged 1 year for a full day in the setting. E4. Plan the appropriate care of a child aged 3 years for a full day in the setting. Provide a care pla n that shows understanding of how to meet the overall care and development needs of a child aged 3 years for a full day in the setting. B1. Consider possible ways to maintain the safety and privacy of children and respect their wishes. Think about and give information about how the practitioner can maintain safety, privacy and respect for children's wishes.Give 4 examples which could include: following policies/procedures, understanding children's rights, consulting children, sensitive understanding, confidentiality, working with parents, multi-agency team working. Must include a reference. ————————————————- Task 4 Write a handout for a staff meeting to consider how the practitioner can provide an enabling physical environment for children. The handout should include: * The issues that affect the planning of a challenging environment for children. * An evaluation of TWO in itiatives that influence the provision of challenging environments for children. The importance of helping children to manage risk and challenge in their environment. E5. Describe the issues that affect planning of a challenging environment for children. Write about what affects the planning of a challenging environment for children. Give 5 issues which may include: policies/procedures, children's rights, type of setting, resources, health and safety, supervision, age/stage/abilities of children, consulting children. E7. Explain the importance of helping children to manage risk and challenge in their environment. Give reasons why it is important for children to be helped to learn to assess and manage risk and challenge.Reasons could include: why children need adult help, the benefits of risk and challenge – develop life skills, understand consequences of actions, explore limits in a controlled environment, learn to take responsibility/ balance their rights against those of ot hers, make choices/decisions, effects on holistic development. E6. Describe the initiatives which influence the provision of challenging environments for children. Write about an international, national and local initiatives/schemes that influence the provision of challenging environments for children, e. g.Forest Schools, children's play initiatives, local play policies. C1. Evaluate how the TWO initiatives contribute to the provision of an enabling environment for children. A development of E6. Consider how TWO (2) of the initiatives described in E6 help to ensure the environment for the children supports their development through appropriate experiences and empowerment. ————————————————- Task 5 Include in the handout an explanation of the ways that meeting the care needs of children can affect practitioners and possible sources of support for practitioners.A1. Discuss t he effect on practitioners of meeting the care needs of children. 5 detailed considerations of how and why practitioners may be affected when meeting the care needs of children and the range of support available. Effects must be positive and negative. Task 4 and 5 will be in form of a handout. Remember throughout to include: E8. Show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practice. This criterion will be met if throughout you show understanding of the importance of identifying and meeting the individual needs and rights of children and their families.AND E9. Include references and a bibliography. At least TWO (2) references must be made in the text to relevant books, articles, magazines or websites. These are sources of information and the sources used should be listed at the end of the assignment in a bibliography. Sources of background reading can also be included in the bibliography. YOUR COMPLETED WORK SHOULD NOT EXCEED 3500 WORDS. THERE IS NO LOWER WORD LIMIT. WORK THAT IS MORE THAN 10% ABOVE THE WORD LIMIT WILL NOT BE MARKED. REFERENCES AND QUOTATIONS WITHIN THE TEXT ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE WORD LIMIT.

Human Development Across the Lifespan Essays

Human Development Across the Lifespan Essays Human Development Across the Lifespan Paper Human Development Across the Lifespan Paper psychodynamic 1. Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness of control . social cognitive learning 2. Jerome learns about etiquette by observing how his father interacts with his mother. This type of learning can be described as________. qualitative; quantitative 3. Piaget’s view assuming that thinking undergoes_________ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by________ advances. microsystem 4. Your family, friends, and classmates are part of your: some experiments would be unethical 5. Why don’t lifespan researchers always use experiments? Children are more or less more of a â€Å"blank slate† written on by others or the environment, rather than active participants in their development. 6. Key issues in Lifespan development includes all of the following EXCEPT Interactions with each others and society across the lifespan 8. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development focus on: a critical period 9. We watched a YouTube clip of young geese imprinted on Konrad Lorenz at birth. This is an example of___________. amniocentisis 10. Which test can be used to accurately (definitively) determine the sex of the child: Poverty rates have gradually decreased in the U.S. during the last decade False a recent increase in alcohol consumption by pregnant women 12. A recent report said that maternal death rates in the U.S. are rising, and suggested that this may be due to all of the following EXCEPT: goal directed behavior 13. Baby Dionne is playing in her crib and reaches to pull back a blanket that is partially covering the teddy bear that she wants to play with. Piaget would say that this is an example of ________. secondary circular reaction 14. Ryan accidently hits his crib and it makes an interesting noise. Ryan decides to repeat the action again. This is known as ________. folic acid; spina bifida 15. Any woman who could become pregnant should be sure she gets enough _______ to prevent ________ in her infant if she did become pregnant. reaction range 16. The nature vs nurture, genetics usually set a range of possibilities called passive 17. A child’s biological parents (with whom she lives) chooses and educational toys for her, and because she is genetically related to them, she readily accepts and uses these objects. This is an example of the __________ genotype-environment effect. there is no scientific evidence in bonding in humans 18. Research on bonding in humans indicates that_________. depth perception 19. The visual cliff is used to test infants_________. plasticity 20. ___________ refers to the idea that a developing structure (like the young brain) or a behavior is modifiable due to experience. Has more antibodies to prevent against disease and may improve brain development Breast milk: embryonic stage 22. What is the name of the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body system? polygenic inheritance 23. For many human characteristics, a combination of multiple gene pairs is involved in producing a particular characteristic. This is known as: classical conditioning 24. One- and two-day-old newborns who are stroked on the head just before breast feeding and receiving a sweet- tasting liquid soon learn to suck and turn their head at the head stroke. This is an example of: infants have rudimentary mathematical skills 25. The study illustrated in the textbook with Mickey Mouse statuettes in which the statues were hidden behind a barrier and then revealed led to the conclusion that___________. neonatal jaundice 26. Katherine was born five weeks premature. Because her liver did not work efficiently at first, she developed a yellowish tinge to her body. What is this condition? habituation 27. A newborn who shows interest and surprise at first seeing a novel toy but may not show interest after seeing the same toy several times is demonstrating what type of learning (when she no longer shows interest)? principle of heirarchial integration 28. Once Hannah has learned to control and combine the movement of her fingers, she quickly learned how to grasp and reach her rattle. This skill illustrates the: synaptic pruning 29. If a babies experience do not stimulate certain nerves or nerve connections, then these nerve connections will be eliminated, a process known as _______________. myelin 30. What is the fatty substance that help helps insulate neurons and spread the transmission of nerve impulses? rooting 35. What is the term for the reflex where the neonate tends to turn its head towards things that touch its cheek? 12 36. Babies are typically able to walk independently (i.e. without holding on to objects around __________months of age. direct motor behavior 37. Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through__________. infantile amnesia 38. Most people cannot remember their early childhood, a phenomenon known as________. automization 39. __________ refers to the degree to which an activity requires attention. assimilation 40. Eight-month-old Kimberly responds to her first plum by rolling it around her high chair tray as if it was her red rubber ball. This demonstrates the Piagetian process of: experimentation 41. Piaget observed his son Laurent dropping a toy swan repeatedly, varying the position from which he dropped it, [and] carefully observing each time to see where it fell. This is an example of: mental representation 42. Piaget calls an internal image of past events or objects a(n)________ deferred imitation 43. When a child is able to pretend that he/she is able to drive a car, feeding a doll, or cooking dinner after he/she has witnessed such scene, and the person the child witnessed doing the activity is no longer present, this is called: nativistic approach 44. What is the term for the theory that is genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development (this was Chomsky’s theory)? Children prefer it, it is related to linguistic competence, and it is related to early acquisition of words 45. It is important to speak to your child using infant-direct speech because________. complexities 46. Contemporary approaches to infant intelligence suggest that the_________ with which infants process information may correlate most strongly with later intelligence. Their ability to use sign language starting at about 6 months and their ability to perform deferred imitation tasks earlier than Piaget believed 47. What evidence has been used to suggest that children have attained some level of symbolic representation at a younger age than Piaget had suggested? Putting a baby to sleep on its back 48. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for SIDS for babies who are less than 5 months old? mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy 49. The primary, PREVENTABLE cause of mental retardation is: responses to the environment 50. Dr. Brazelton developed an assessment called the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale primarily to assess: Increased cognitive abilities of the infant Emerging bonds with the parents 1. Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety that begin after the first year represent: An infant sees her fathers facial expression of encouragement and her mothers facial expression of fear 2. In which of the following scenarios is social referencing most likely to be stressful for and infant: food alone is insufficient to bring about attachment 3. Harry Harlow’s class study with the cloth and wire monkeys illustrates that _________ rhythmicity 4. An infant keeps a very regular schedule of hunger, sleep, and excretion. This relates to which dimension of temperament. primary circular 5. According to Piaget, an infant who at first by chance gets her thumb in her mouth and then purposefully repeats the action is exhibiting: in the first 18 months of life 6. According to Erikson, when do children pass through the trust- vs.- mistrust stage: goodness of fit 7. The term _________ reflects how well parents match or work with their child’s behavior. For example, my nephew had a difficult temperament but became easier over time as his mother reacted to him with warmth and consistency. In some instances is associated with abusive parenting May lead to dissocociative experiences in adolescence 8. The disorganized/disoriented attachment style_________ Sensitivity to their infants needs and desires 9. What is the hallmark of mothers of securely attached infants? reciprocal socialization 11. The process in which infants behaviors invite further responses from†¦about the father responses from infants is________. a sense of self awareness 12. As discussed in class, a red spot was put on an elephant’s head and placed in front of a mirror to look at. The elephant looked at the mirror and used his trunk to touch his reflection, researchers doing this suggested that the elephant has future academic success Head Start was designed to promote_______. slow to warm 14. According to Thomas and Chess, ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬__________ babies are inactive reactions to their environments and may initially withdrawn from new situations theory of mind 15. My dog Chet exhibited his own________ when he tricked the other dog for a treat by pretending there was a possum or raccoon in the back yard. play with her 16. What is Fred most likely to spend time doing with his infant daughter? fast mapping 17. What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their brief encounter? transformation 18. A 4-year old child is asked to draw a pencil falling. The child draws the pencil falling horizontal with no stages in between. The child shows that she does not understand Most common kind of illness preschool yearsMay help children build up immunity to severe illnesses Mat promote coping skills minor illnesses such as colds No TV / 1-2 hrs. a day 20. The average preschooler watches 21 hours of TV a week, but the American Accociation of Pediatrics recommends________ for kids under 2 and ________over that. Tiny amounts of lead typically do not harm most children 21. Which of the following about lead poisoning is FALSE? spatial relationships 22. The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the p†¦.following areas except: Increased criminal convictions by age 30, for those who like TV violence Increased bullying and aggressive behaviors An inscensitivity for the suffering of victims of violence. 23. The impacts of watching violent programs on TV includes_______. preschool years 24. Which of the following stages is a period where the general level of physical and †¦are extraordinary high centration 25. Madeline is working to teach 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count. She places in one row with very little space between the buttons, and the 8 buttons in another row†¦ between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then Madeline asked daughter which row has more buttons. Inevitably, Eliza chooses the second row ,†¦knows that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of? their memory is fragile and easily changed 26. Which of the following is true about children’s, particularly preschoolers eye witness testimony? they lack understanding of conservation When giving kids in the 2-7 year age range glasses of organic apple juice, it helped†¦ same size cup because they have difficulty accepting the idea that a short, wide cup †¦much as a tall skinny glass, that is________ they should begin when they show signs of readiness 28. According of the American Acadamy of Pediatrics, when should children be potty trained? Helps children solve problems and reflect on difficulties they encounter. 29. According to Vygotsky, private speech______. flexible 30. Brazelton suggests a_______ approach to toilet training. collectivism 31. _________ is a philosophy that promotes the notion of independence Try to do more and more things independently and may become frustrated and afraid to fail. Erikson says that Preschool aged children tend to: associative 33. What is the term for play in which two or more children actually interact with sharing or borrowing of materials, although they do not do the same thing? Boys are shaped more towards independence, girls towards dependence 34. In terms of gender, which of the following is TRUE? social-learning approach 35. Three-year-old Susan is exposed to repeats of older television programs which†¦men in highly traditional roles and have a powerful influence in her identification of male behavior. The explanation for Susan’s gender development is based on the: Watch the kids and start doing what they are doing 36. What is a â€Å"skilled† way for children to enter into group play? authoritative 37. Leo and Mary use firm control with their children but encourage communication in rule setting within the family. What is their parenting style? motivation to achieve 38. Maurice and Mary are children of authoritarian parents. They are likely to†¦ of the following characteristics (based on their gender) EXCEPT: Kids are less likely to internalize their parents rulesAre more likely to be aggressive 39. As a result of spanking, ________ cycle of violence 40. The ________ hypothesis points to the likelihood that person†¦. May turn into abusive as adults â€Å"I have brown eyes and black hair† 41. Jamie is a 4-year-old girl. When asked to describe herself she is most likely to say: mildly retarded 42. Ted is mentally retarded, having an IQ of 65, he is a janitor, can read and write and lives in an apartment by himself. What classification of mental retardation does he have? scaffolding 43. What is the term used to describe the support a child might receive that does something she can’t do independently? De-center and reverse operations 47. According to Piaget, during concrete operational stage kids first begin: fluid intelligence 48. When you are playing arcade games and attempting to drive a car†¦.the type of intelligence you would be using would be_____. sensorimotor 51. The first stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is: quantitative 54. The information processing approach emphasized changes in development is called: goal directed behavior 57. Baby Dionne is playing in her crib†¦ pull back blanket that is covering teddy bear she wants to play with.. this is an example of: direct motor behavior 58. Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through: accommodation 59. John makes minor changes to his schemes every time he has a new†¦called: mental representation 60. Piaget called an internal image of a past event or object a(n): tends to be increasingly related to particular competencies tends to increase during elementary school tends to decline slightly upon entering middle school Self- esteem during middle childhood for European- American kids: It protects ones self image What is the effect of making downward social comparisions? conventional morality A seventh grade student is tempted to cheat on an exam, but talks himself out of it because he is afraid he will get caught and flunk the course. The student is demonstrating: The original work was done primarily on white males and doesn’t fit women An individuals judgments are not the same as their actual behaviors Criticism of Kohlberg’s work on moral development include: Morality of nonviolence What is Carol Gilligan’s final stage of moral development for women? Teach kids to leave situations in which bullying can occur Teach kids to not get upset by the bully’s taunts Teach them they are not responsible for the bully’s behavior Which of the following can help victims stop bullying? experience sleep problems, anxiety and depression within the first 2 years tend to recover to pre-divorce levels of function within 2 years of the divorce . Most children of divorce; tend to exhibit few differences compared to other families Families with gay and lesbian parents: Girls typically fare worse once their mother has remarried 12. Which of the following is TRUE about divorce/ remarriage? expectation- outcome Barbara expected more out of one of her students because she had †¦ student had excelled the previous year. When the student met her expectations†¦ egocentrism Which of the following is a type of thinking that is evident in both early childhood: metacognition Sally is able to take her understanding of the general concepts about how a to predict how pendulums with different weights might compare. She is using: glass ceiling The_________ effect refers to the limited promotions and career advancement often faced in the workplace. HPV Which very common STI has been identified as the leading causes of cervical cancer? false consensus effect Many adolescents begin to drink because conspicuous examples of drunkenness convince them to assume that everyone is drinking heavily. This is known as: identity achievement According to James Marcia the status of adolescents who commit to a particular of crisis during which they consider various alternatives is called: personal fable . Renee engages in unprotected sexual intercourse with her boyfriend because she doesn’t think she can get pregnant or that she could get a sexually transmitted disease, is an example of: virginity pledges Which is NOT one of the factors attributed to the decline in teenage pregnancy rates: sex cleavage At age 13, Julie hangs out with a group which consists of all girls, which is typical for a†¦ grouping is called: socialized delinquent Jeb is psychologically normal but shoplifts when pressured by his peers. How would†¦ controversial Adolescents who are liked by some and disliked by others are called: form intimate relationships According to Erikson, I Early adulthood one of the major tasks is to: Girls attempt suicide more frequently than boys Which of the following is an accurate statement about adolescents suicide? Comprehensive sex education programs are less effective than abstinence Which of the following is FALSE? obsessive fantasies Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by each of the following EXCEPT: hallucinations and delusions Schizophrenia is often characterized by: may be exhibited as confussion may be exhibited may be mis diagnosed as dementia In the elderly, depression: postformal thought When Sam was an adolescent, he saw the world in terms or â€Å"right or wrong† ideas he understands that what might be â€Å"right† for him might be â€Å"wrong† for someone else is more relativistic thinking called: binge and purge Individuals with bulimia practical intelligence Mary is a successful cheif executive officer of a marketing firm. She gained her success by being able to learn about the norms of appropriate behavior in the firm. Mary is high in: meta-memory when studying for this exam, you likely thought about the strategies †¦rehearsal or trying to come up with examples of the material. Thinking ahead is an example of_______. asthma Which of the following health problems of middle childhood has increases over the past several decades? sensorimotor The first stage of cognitive development according to Piaget: Limit where they go b/c of fear of a panic attack Individuals who have agoraphobia

Base of Art Through the Ages essays

Base of Art Through the Ages essays Art was one of the earliest manifestation of culture, this is because it fulfils human kinds need to interpret everything around them including their world and spiritual beliefs. Paleolithic art can be found to date back over thirty thousand years. The first discovery of this type of art was in Spain 1879. They were cave paintings that depicted men, women and, animals, these types of works were most often found deep in caves were no natural light could reach. In the gloom of the caves, the paintings look remarkably realistic. As well as paintings there were many sculptors, mainly animals, the human forms discovered are believed to be symbols of fertility, these were carved form materials like ivory, serpentine and limestone. Greek art was developed through several cultural phases, geometric, archaic, classical, and Hellenistic. Geometric was characterized by the use of geometric shapes; the archaic style developed from the use of oriental motifs. The period of The Classical was composed of idealistic human figures with emphasis on naturalism, grace and sophistication, depicted with drapery. The Human form in an idealized state was much admired by Roman artists, as they valued the emotional and psychological side of their art as well as the physical. Roman images emphasized wisdom form experience of social and political values of the Empire, as it was the Empire that determined the forms and context of art. Christian art expresses their religious beliefs, in the earliest manifestation it was done socially or for worship. The works were highly symbolic as not to break the rules stated in the Old Testament, not to make images of things of this world. When Christian art began to develop in the Roman Empire, fourth century AD, it gained a more open way of expression of ideas; it eventually became the dominant art form. During the middle ages Christian art took on a new form, architecture, cathedrals, monasteries, convent...

carlos bulosan Essay Example

carlos bulosan Essay Example carlos bulosan Essay carlos bulosan Essay Carlos Bulosan was born in the Philippines in the rural farming village of Mangusmana, near the town of Binalonan (Pangasinan province, Luzon island). He was the son of a farmer and spent most of his upbringing in the countryside with his family. Like many families in the Philippines, Carloss family struggled to survive during times of economic hardship. Many families were impoverished and many more would suffer because of the conditions in the Philippines created by US colonization. Rural farming families like Carlos family experienced severe economic disparity due to the growing concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the conomic and political elite. Determined to help support his family and further his education, Carlos decided to come to America with the dream to fulfill these goals. Traveling by ship, Carlos arrived in Seattle on July 22, 1930 at the age of seventeen. With only three years of education from the Philippines, Carlos spoke little English and had barely any money left. Desperate to survive, he soon began working various low-paying Jobs: servicing in hotels, harvesting in the fields, and even embarking to the Alaskan canneries. During his hardships in finding employment, Carlos xperienced much economic difficulty and racial brutality that significantly damaged his health and eventually changed his perception of America. From several years of racist attacks, starvation, and sickness, Carlos underwent surgery for tuberculosis in Los Angeles. His health condition with tuberculosis forced him to undergo three operations where he lost most of the right side of his ribs and the function of one lung. Yet, he recovered and stayed in the hospital for about two years where he spent much of his time reading and writing. The discrimination and unhealthy working conditions Carlos had experienced in any of his workplaces encouraged him to participate in union organizing with other Filipinos and various workers. Carlos become a self-educated and prolific writer determined to voice the struggles he had undergone as a Filipino coming to America and the struggles he had witnessed of other people. Like many of his fellow Filipinos in his time, Carlos never had the opportunity to return to the Philippines. After years of hardship and flight, he passed away in Seattle suffering from an advanced stage of bronchopneumonia. He is buried at Queen Anne Hill in Seattle. carlos bulosan By brogun

Produce an international marketing plan that will introduce a consumer Assignment

Produce an international marketing plan that will introduce a consumer brand sold in your home market into a country in which it is currently not available - Assignment Example Since then it has continued to command a competitive market edge despite the competition from Zhujiang and Yanjing, the major Chinese beer brands in the US. Tsingtao Brand at the moment is present in more than fifty countries in the world (Yang, 2007) and the international market for the beer has proven feasibility and great ROI. This paper seeks to highlight the possibility of venturing into the England market. The paper is simply a marketing plan for the introduction of the Tsingtao brand into the England market and aims extensively at analyzing the situation at the England beer market and a SWOT analysis to establish the feasibility of the brand in the market. Further, the paper aims to offer the best marketing mix and marketing strategies that will aid in the best anticipated performance of the brand in the market. Tsingtao has performed stunningly well in the markets it has been introduced to. For instance, in the US, the brand continues to perform very well not to mention its acceptable market share in the local Chinese market. England as the new target market for the beer appears a formidable market which can equally be competitive. This is basically because of the country’s economic status; it is the second largest economy in Europe and fifth in the world. It is considered as the center of world economics and tops the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors, technical industries such as aerospace and hardware/software manufacture. Certainly, England is one of the most greatly industrialized countries in the world. The fact that the beer has performed particularly well in the US which is another world’s strongest economy is a clear marker that the beer can equally survive the beer market competition in England. There happens to be a favorable economic infrastructure in England which is favorable for a better market

Impact of piracy on movie and music industry of UK Dissertation

Impact of piracy on movie and music industry of UK - Dissertation Example This "Impact of piracy on movie and music industry of UK" work research if the piracy killing this industry. . It is estimated that in the year 2008 almost 40 billion songs were illegally downloaded from the internet (Vandiver, Bowman and Vega, 2008). Every year 95 percent of the songs are downloaded without payment and referring to the copyright owner of the songs and movies (Vandiver, Bowman and Vega, 2008). In recent years the sales of the CD have skyrocketed and the blame has been placed upon Peer to Peer (P2P) file sharing of songs. Internet has become one of the most celebrated democratising medium (Meissner, 2012) that renders traditional individual gatekeepers who controlled the access of information to the traditional media but also allows greater choice of information (Meissner, 2012). Audience have a greater choice for viewing a movie which has been released lately without the fear of being supervised by the gatekeepers. Prior to the internet, Movie viewing was only availa ble through movie theatres, DVD and cable television network. The availability was finite and certain movies were not released in certain countries (Meissner, 2012). Ethics and value have changed and the consumer perception on audio visual piracy has changed. There has been a significant increase in the rise of digital piracy which reflects that consumer attitudes does not always translate into purchase intentions even though unauthorized downloading of music and piracy is prohibited (Vida et. al., 2012). 2.2 Purpose of the study The main purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of piracy on the UK movie and music industry. The study will also analyze the damage caused by file sharing and piracy on these industries and ethical values of the consumers. The study will also emphasize on the consumer attitude towards audio visual piracy and violation of copyright act. 2.3 Research Objectives The objectives of this research study are ascertained in line with the purpose of the st

Protection of the Effectiveness of Internal Audit Function Essay

Protection of the Effectiveness of Internal Audit Function - Essay Example Hence, it is worth considering how the effectiveness of the internal audit function could be better protected so as to protect shareholders as well as enable the external auditors to offer a higher quality audit opinion. When internal auditors are efficient in service delivery means that the opinion they will give in the running of the organisation will be the correct position of the company (Get through Guides 2007). The internal auditors will be able to give recommendation to improve the running of the organisation. These recommendations will automatically translate to the company being run in a way that will be beneficial to the shareholders. For the shareholders, this will mean that they will have the true position of the organisation and will be able to make informed decisions on how best to improve the business and they will know if their investment in the company is going to give worthwhile returns. The external auditors on the other hand will meet an organisation that has its affairs in order and the kind of audit opinion they will give will be quality audit opinion. The reason is that the lapses will be recognised and recommendations made to correct them. This will attract investors since they will be confident that their investment will not be mishandled and this will automatically bring more profits to the shareholders. Internal auditors in carrying out their work efficiently can be protected by ensuring their independence is maintained. Despite the fact that the internal auditors are in the company’s payroll, their work has to be free from managerial influence. This is because they need to maintain the highest degree of professionalism when going through the organisation’s books of accounts. If autonomy is maintained, they will be able to offer a true and just view of the books of accounts and give either a qualified audit opinion or unqualified audit opinion (Grey & Manson 2008). The other way to protect them is for the internal audit ors to work with the management and not work like they are out to get the mistakes that have been committed. The auditors have to remember that they are not supposed to correct the mistakes done but rather give recommendations on how to rectify or improve. Management cooperation will ensure the records needed for audit will be availed with no problems and thus will ease the work of the auditors. If management cooperation is secured, the other employees will also comply with the set rules they are sure that they will be audited and a true and fair opinion given. The working well with management will also give the internal auditors and the management an avenue to make proper risk management processes that will deter future lapses in the organisation’s books (Get through Guides 2007). With the current technology surge in the running of organisations, the internal auditors have to be kept up-to-date with the technology. This will mean that they are always in loop with any lapses that may occur in the organisation. Risks that affected an organisation a year ago might actually be very different with the risks in the current year. This will mean updates on risks that may affect the organisation have to be made available. Without this the internal auditors might actually be overlooking a potential problem for the organisation and this will be detected by the external auditors which in turn will affect

Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR) application assignment

Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR) application - Assignment Example The fascinating feature of an ERP system is that it will support a variety of hardware and network configurations by employing a database for effectively accessing information. This paper will analyze what an ERP system does and how such a system can help an organization to become more profitable. Since an ERP system can have a great influence on automating every business process, it can be effectively applied to accomplish a variety of business tasks. According to Adolphs and Schubert (2008), ERP system works on the basis of ‘input-process-output’ rules and, hence, it can also be used as management information system. Since information has become an ingredient part of management operations, ERP systems specifically focus on the information needs of different organizational sectors. The ERP software system provides timely, accurate, and most relevant information to different departments of the organization, using a single software system. This system keeps information updated so as to assist managements to effectively deal with decision making. Rothlin (2010) says that the filtering facility of an ERP system timely provides the organization with answers for various queries (p.204). Modern ERP systems are capable of providing improved facilities for the company to manage its export, import, and tax activities and to fulfill other legal requirements. ERP software supports computer aided designs; therefore, it is assistable for the company to demonstrate products designs on real time according to customer requirements. This system also facilitates all financial services and it complies with international accounting standards. Moreover, an ERP system has the ability to effectively meet the needs of government, healthcare, retail, and other service sectors. Sales forecasting is another attractive feature of ERP software applications since this process assists firms to optimize their inventory levels. According

American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

American Revolution - Essay Example They served to incite the growing desire for self determination that has been growing in the colonies for years. According to Doyle and Pamplona (2006), there was an emergent movement, which was facilitated by the print media (52). Middlekauff (2005) supported this when he pointed out the points where America began to be aware of itself not as a colony but as a collective body and eventually, a nation, eventually resenting the rule of a country on the other side of the world. The other position holds that the cause of the revolution fundamentally came from the age of revolution sweeping across France, Haiti and Latin America (Burnard, 2010, 3). This is the school that cites the influence of French political philosophy, for instance: that, though American Revolution inspired the French Revolution, the intellectual and political validations that gave rise to the movement for independence were part of the French political thought, which argued for an absolute departure from all past determinations, beginning with a clean slate, one that allows total freedom and political innovation (Looby, 1998,

Measuring performance standards Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Measuring performance standards - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the hospital’s patient falls, hospital acquired infection, and patient satisfaction regarding data collection. It includes other examples of data management and display tools in performance and quality improvement and their use in healthcare. Patient Falls The term ‘fall’ of a patient describes â€Å"a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground or at a lower level† (Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, 2007, p. 2). Whether the resulted injury is mild or severe, health institutions recognize how it affects the patients and could lead to other complications, aside from the current illness the patient possesses. According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2010), falls represented nearly 47% of all safety reports and aggregated events in 2003 comprising about 11% of all root cause analyses. The statistics is relatively high and consequently calls for immediate prevention. In order to properly monitor and prevent the patient falls, the hospital needs data designed to assess this problem. According to the Veterans Health Administration National Center for Patient Safety (n.d.), there are three simple rules to carry out proper measures: (a) the data should contain a numerator and a denominator to determine the ratio of patient falls and persons to assist intervention; (b) the data should â€Å"specify the time in which the information [is] collected† (p. 70), making the range of time for each set of data equal, which is one of the factors of accuracy; (c) the data should mention measurement strategy (as cited in Joint Commission Resources, Inc [JCR], 2006). Appropriate strategies are a vital part of a reliable patient falls’ data (as cited in Joint Commission Resources, Inc [JCR], 2006). Furthermore, a reliable data is a product of a long-term research. For example, Morse’s (2008) research about patient falls where it took her â€Å"32 years to collect enough data† (p. xi). Therefore, a data collection that ranges in weeks would not be reliable, but consistent data collection for a period of predetermined years would provide a solid base to design interventional strategies. Hospital Acquired Infection Hospital acquired infection is one of the dangers originated by poor sanitation of hospital equipments and improper use and disposal of hospital waste. The World Health Organization (2002) stated, â€Å"infections acquired in health care settings are among the major causes of death and increased morbidity among hospitalized patients† (p. 1). Since these infections affect both developed and underdeveloped countries, all medical centers should be aware of its prevention. The American Hospital Association Resource Center (2010) recorded about 42,000 adult patients acquired infection during their hospital stay. It is, then, reasonable to apply appropriate measures to prevent such incident. Prevalence and incidence data provide the best way to mon itor hospital-acquired infection. The data should contain all the records that reported incidents of infection to assure reliability. In that way, there will be accurate surveillance about the improvement of the hospital with regard to these cases. In some countries, including the United States, data reporting of hospital-acquired infection is mandatory and reported on a quarterly basis (Horton & Parker, 2002). Patient Survey Satisfaction One of the determinants of the quality of service is patient satisfaction. As Shelton (2000) explained,

Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR) application assignment

Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR) application - Assignment Example The fascinating feature of an ERP system is that it will support a variety of hardware and network configurations by employing a database for effectively accessing information. This paper will analyze what an ERP system does and how such a system can help an organization to become more profitable. Since an ERP system can have a great influence on automating every business process, it can be effectively applied to accomplish a variety of business tasks. According to Adolphs and Schubert (2008), ERP system works on the basis of ‘input-process-output’ rules and, hence, it can also be used as management information system. Since information has become an ingredient part of management operations, ERP systems specifically focus on the information needs of different organizational sectors. The ERP software system provides timely, accurate, and most relevant information to different departments of the organization, using a single software system. This system keeps information updated so as to assist managements to effectively deal with decision making. Rothlin (2010) says that the filtering facility of an ERP system timely provides the organization with answers for various queries (p.204). Modern ERP systems are capable of providing improved facilities for the company to manage its export, import, and tax activities and to fulfill other legal requirements. ERP software supports computer aided designs; therefore, it is assistable for the company to demonstrate products designs on real time according to customer requirements. This system also facilitates all financial services and it complies with international accounting standards. Moreover, an ERP system has the ability to effectively meet the needs of government, healthcare, retail, and other service sectors. Sales forecasting is another attractive feature of ERP software applications since this process assists firms to optimize their inventory levels. According

Measuring performance standards Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Measuring performance standards - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the hospital’s patient falls, hospital acquired infection, and patient satisfaction regarding data collection. It includes other examples of data management and display tools in performance and quality improvement and their use in healthcare. Patient Falls The term ‘fall’ of a patient describes â€Å"a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground or at a lower level† (Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, 2007, p. 2). Whether the resulted injury is mild or severe, health institutions recognize how it affects the patients and could lead to other complications, aside from the current illness the patient possesses. According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2010), falls represented nearly 47% of all safety reports and aggregated events in 2003 comprising about 11% of all root cause analyses. The statistics is relatively high and consequently calls for immediate prevention. In order to properly monitor and prevent the patient falls, the hospital needs data designed to assess this problem. According to the Veterans Health Administration National Center for Patient Safety (n.d.), there are three simple rules to carry out proper measures: (a) the data should contain a numerator and a denominator to determine the ratio of patient falls and persons to assist intervention; (b) the data should â€Å"specify the time in which the information [is] collected† (p. 70), making the range of time for each set of data equal, which is one of the factors of accuracy; (c) the data should mention measurement strategy (as cited in Joint Commission Resources, Inc [JCR], 2006). Appropriate strategies are a vital part of a reliable patient falls’ data (as cited in Joint Commission Resources, Inc [JCR], 2006). Furthermore, a reliable data is a product of a long-term research. For example, Morse’s (2008) research about patient falls where it took her â€Å"32 years to collect enough data† (p. xi). Therefore, a data collection that ranges in weeks would not be reliable, but consistent data collection for a period of predetermined years would provide a solid base to design interventional strategies. Hospital Acquired Infection Hospital acquired infection is one of the dangers originated by poor sanitation of hospital equipments and improper use and disposal of hospital waste. The World Health Organization (2002) stated, â€Å"infections acquired in health care settings are among the major causes of death and increased morbidity among hospitalized patients† (p. 1). Since these infections affect both developed and underdeveloped countries, all medical centers should be aware of its prevention. The American Hospital Association Resource Center (2010) recorded about 42,000 adult patients acquired infection during their hospital stay. It is, then, reasonable to apply appropriate measures to prevent such incident. Prevalence and incidence data provide the best way to mon itor hospital-acquired infection. The data should contain all the records that reported incidents of infection to assure reliability. In that way, there will be accurate surveillance about the improvement of the hospital with regard to these cases. In some countries, including the United States, data reporting of hospital-acquired infection is mandatory and reported on a quarterly basis (Horton & Parker, 2002). Patient Survey Satisfaction One of the determinants of the quality of service is patient satisfaction. As Shelton (2000) explained,

Mining Rare Earth Metals Essay Example for Free

Mining Rare Earth Metals Essay I believe that Canada should be involved in the rare earth metals mining industry. Rare earth metals are an essential part of everyday modern life (and of growing importance). They are used from everything from cell phones to environmentally friendly technologies such as wind turbines and hybrid engines. The mining of these metals would provide many benefits to Canada. It makes great economic sense because right now China is a supply and demand crisis so they are exporting less metal every year. If Canada were to enter the mining not only would it create thousands of jobs in one area where unemployment is a little bit of a problem but we could also pick up the slack of Chinas export problem and make billions. Besides the obvious economic implications, I believe that mining these metals cold have serious political and environmental benefits for us. China uses dangerous chemical to melt the earth around it, which could potentially leave a lasting impression on the surrounding area and any vegetation that might grow there in the future. So if Canada were to mine these metals I think we would be more respectful of the landscape. In today’s society reducing your environmental footprint is huge and in terms of rare earth metals there are many ways in which we can reduce our own. It starts by properly recycling our reusable electronics so the metals can be extracted or re used. Other ways would be to buy used electronics and not get every new gadget that comew out so there is less of a demand for the mining of rare earth metals. Given the pros of mining and the fact that they outweigh the cons, I believe that Canada should be involved in rare earth metals mining.

Youth Mental Health Issues Facing Australians Essay

Youth Mental Health Issues Facing Australians Essay Introduction: the problem Mental and substance use disorders are among the most important health issues facing Australians. They are a key health issue for young people in their teenage years and early 20s and, if these disorders persist, the constraints, distress and disability they cause can last for decades (McGorry et al., 2007). Associated with mental disorders among youth are high rates of enduring disability, including school failure, impaired or unstable employment, and poor family and social functioning. These problems lead to spirals of dysfunction and disadvantage that are difficult to reverse. (McGorry et al., 2007). As over 75% of mental disorders commence before the age of 25 years, reducing the economic, geographical, attitudinal and service organisation barriers for adolescents and young adults is an essential first step in addressing mental health problems (Hickie and McGorry, 2007). In Australia, rates of mental illness among young people is higher than for any other population group and represented the major burden of disease for young people with depression making the greatest contribution to this burden. In addition, youth suicide and self-harm have both steadily increased during the 1990s (Williams et al., 2005). 60% of all health-related disability costs in 1534-year-olds are attributable to mental health problems, and of the total disability years lived in Australia, 27% is attributable to mental disorders. Although most common mental disorders commence before 18 years of age, people aged 2544 years and 4564 years are more than twice as likely as those aged under 25 years to receive an active treatment when seen in general practice (Hickie et al., 2005). Research has indicated that some mental health problems can be prevented through appropriate early intervention, and that the impact of existing mental illness can be mitigated through the early provision of appropriate services (Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit, ACT, 2006). It has been estimated that up to 60% of cases of alcohol or other substance misuse could be prevented by earlier treatment of common mental health problems (Hickie et al., 2005). Despite the enthusiastic efforts of many clinicians around Australia, progress in service reform has plateaued, remains piecemeal and is frustratingly slow in contrast to what has been achieved in other countries, many of which began by emulating Australia. In addition, the specialist mental health system is seriously under-funded (McGorry and Yung, 2003). While Australias national health spending continues to grow past $72 billion the total recurrent mental health spending has consistently remained below 7% of this figure (Hickie et al., 2005). The need for coordinated national health and welfare services for people with mental health and substance misuse problems has been recognised by all Australian governments, but insufficient investment, lack of accountability, divided systems of government and changing health care demands resulted in a very patchy set of reforms (Hickie and McGorry, 2007; Vimpani, 2005). Statistics regarding the problem Close to one in five people in Australia were affected by a mental health problem within a 12-month period, according to the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Young adults were particularly affected, with more than one-quarter of Australians aged 18 to 24 years suffering from at least one mental disorder over a 12-month period (Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit, ACT, 2006). In Australia, the prevalence of mental health problems among children aged 412 years lies between 7% and 14%, rises to 19% among adolescents aged 1317 years, and increases again to 27% among young adults aged 1824. Therefore, up to one in four young people in Australia are likely to be suffering from a mental health problem, with substance misuse or dependency, depression or anxiety disorder, or some combination of these the most common issues (McGorry et al., 2007). It is therefore more likely that mental health problems will develop between the ages of 12 and 26 than in any other stage of life (Orygen Youth Health, 2009). This situation also exists among Australian Indigenous communities, where the continuing grief and trauma resulting from the loss of traditional lands and cultural practices as a result of colonization, past policies of child removal and the destruction of traditional governance arrangements within Aboriginal communities, are an ever-present cultural reality that plays out in some of the worst developmental health and well-being outcomes in advanced industrial society (Vimpani, 2005). Risk taking by young people Studies show that psychosocial issues form a great burden of disease for young people, including intentional and unintentional injuries, mental disorders, tobacco, alcohol and other substance misuse, and unprotected sexual intercourse (Tylee et al., 2007). The pathways to substance misuse in young people involve complex interplay between individual biological and psychological vulnerability, familial factors and broader societal influences. The impact on family and society is often painful, destructive and expensive (Vimpani, 2005). In 2005, nearly half of all deaths of young men and a third of young women aged 1534 years in NSW were due to suicide, transport accidents or accidental drug overdoses (418 persons; ABS, 2008b). In 2007, amongst young men in the age group 15-24 in NSW, the average age for first consumption of alcohol was around 15, and amongst women of the same age group, the average age for first use of alcohol was around 17 years. In addition to its potential direct health consequences, risky or high risk drinking can increase the likelihood of a person falling, or being involved in an accident or violence (ABS, 2008a). 71% of persons aged 14-19 and 89.4% of persons aged 20-29 were current drinkers. 27.6% of persons aged 14-19 (40.5% at the age of 20-29) were at risk of short term harm, while 10% (14.7% at the age of 20-29) were at risk of long term harm. Around 90% of Australian youth (aged 1824 years) have drinking patterns that place them at high risk of acute harm (Lubmen et al., 2007). On aver age, 25 percent of hospitalisations of 15-24 year olds occur as a result of alcohol consumption (Prime Minister of Australia, 2008). Almost one-quarter (23%) of people aged 1524 years in Australia reported using illicit drugs during the last 12 months, around twice as high as the proportion of people aged 25 years and over (11%). Marijuana/cannabis was the most common drug used by 1524 year olds (18%), followed by ecstasy (9%), and meth/amphetamines and pharmaceuticals (both 4%). Barriers to provision and use of health services Primary-care health services are sometimes still not available. They may be inaccessible for a variety of reasons such as cost, lack of convenience or lack of publicity and visibility. Health services might not be acceptable to young people, however, even if available and accessible. Fear about lack of confidentiality (particularly from parents) is a major reason for young peoples reluctance to seek help, as well as possible stigma, fear of difficult questions. In addition, health professionals might not be trained in communicating with young people. If and when young people seek help, some may be unhappy with the consultation and determine not to go back. To ensure prevention and early intervention efforts, clinicians and public-health workers are increasingly recognising the pressing need to overcome the many barriers that hinder the provision and use of health services by young people, and to transform the negative image of health facilities to one of welcoming user-friendly setti ngs (Tylee et al., 2007). Spending in the area remains poor, and service access and tenure are actively withheld in most specialist mental health and substance misuse service systems until high levels of risk or danger are reached, or severe illness, sustained disability and chronicity are entrenched. Thus, just when mental health services are most needed by young people and their families, they are often inaccessible or unacceptable in design, style and quality. Moreover, numerous young people with distressing and disabling mental health difficulties struggle to find age-appropriate assistance. Young people with moderately severe non-psychotic disorders (eg, depression, anxiety disorders and personality disorders), and those with comorbid substance use and mental health issues, are particularly vulnerable. For many of these young people, if they survive (and many do not), their difficulties eventually become chronic and disabling (McGorry et al., 2007). Another barrier is related to the manners in which young people seek help when they have a mental problem. The most recent national survey data for Australia show that only 29% of children and adolescents with a mental health problem had been in contact with a professional service of any type in a 12-month period. Some subgroups, such as young males, young Indigenous Australians and migrants may be even less likely to voluntarily seek professional help when needed. If young people want to talk to anyone, it is generally someone they know and trust and when they do seek professional help, it is from the more familiar sources family doctors and school-based counsellors. However, many young people at high risk of mental health problems do not have links to work, school, or even a family doctor (Rickwood, Deane and Wilson, 2007). Furthermore, mental disorders are not well recognized by the public. The initial Australian survey of mental health literacy showed that many people cannot give the correct psychiatric label to a disorder portrayed in a depression or schizophrenia vignette. There is also a gap in beliefs about treatment between the public and mental-health professionals: the biggest gap is in beliefs about medication for both depression and schizophrenia, and admission to a psychiatric ward for schizophrenia (Jorm et al., 2006). Existing resources: Knowledge, policy and programs Existing knowledge: Manners of interventions Prevention and early intervention programs are normally classified into four types: universal programs are presented to all regardless of symptoms; selective programs target children and adolescents who are at risk of developing a disorder by virtue of particular risk factors, such as being children of a depressed parent; indicated programs are delivered to students with early or mild symptoms of a disorder; and treatment programs are provided for those diagnosed with the disorder (Neil Christensen, 2007). Universal prevention programs target all young people in the community regardless of their level of risk, and include economic measures, social marketing, and regulatory control and law enforcement initiatives, as well as a range of psychosocial programs (Lubmen et al., 2007). In addition, interventions can be divided between promotion and prevention programs. Mental health promotion refers to activity designed to enhance emotional wellbeing, or increase public understanding of mental health issues and reduce the stigma surrounding mental illness. Prevention of mental illness may focus on at risk groups or sectors of the whole population. (Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit, ACT, 2006). Source: Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit, ACT (2006). Finally, collaborative care is typically described as a multifaceted intervention involving combinations of distinct professionals working collaboratively within the primary care setting. Collaborative care not only improves depression outcomes in months, but has been found to show benefits for up to 5 years (Hickie and McGorry, 2007). The importance of early intervention In the last two decades research demonstrated the high importance of early intervention to promote youth mental health and cope with mental disorders and substance misuse. Early intervention is required to minimise the impact of mental illness on a young persons learning, growth and development, thus improving the health outcome of those affected by mental illness. (Orygen Youth Health, 2009). It was found that the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) could be dramatically reduced by providing community education and mobile detection teams in an experimental study (McGorry, Killackey Yung, 2007; McGorry et al., 2007). On the other hand, delayed treatment and prolonged duration of untreated psychosis is correlated with poorer response to treatment and worse outcomes. Thus, first-episode psychosis should be viewed as a psychiatric emergency and immediate treatment sought as a matter of urgency (McGorry and Yung, 2003). The existing evidence also highlights the importance of prevention and early intervention programs on substance abuse. Such programs focus on delaying the age of onset of drug experimentation; reducing the number of young people who progress to regular or problem use; and encouraging current users to minimise or reduce risky patterns of use. Universal school-based drug education programs have been found to be effective in preventing and delaying the onset of drug use and reducing drug consumption (Lubmen et al., 2007). Early andeffective intervention, targeting young people aged 1225 years, is a community priority. A robust focus on young peoples mental health has the capacity to generate greater personal, social and economic benefits than similar intervention in other age groups, and is therefore one of the best buys for future reforms (McGorry et al., 2007). Importance of other players During the early phases of a mental disorder, members of a persons social network (including parents, peers and GPs) can play an important role in providing support and encouraging appropriate help-seeking. For mental-health problems, young people tend to seek help from friends and family rather than health services. In developing countries, young people are even less willing to seek professional help for more sensitive matters (Tylee et al., 2007). As friends and family are often consulted first by young people, they constitute and important part of the pathway to professional mental health services (Rickwood, Deane and Wilson, 2007). In a survey with young Australians and their parents, it was found that the most common response was to listen, talk or support the person, followed by listen, talk orsupport family and encourage professional help-seeking. Counsellor and GP/doctor/medical were the most frequently mentioned types of professional help that would be encouraged, but when young people were asked open ended questions about how they would help a peer, only a minority mentioned that they would encourage professional help. Among parents, encouraging professional help was a common response both in open-ended and direct questions (Jorm, Wright and Morgan, 2007). General practice is essential to young peoples mental health and is often the point of initial contact with professional services. However, there is a need to improve the ability of GPs to recognise mental health problems in young people As well asensuring privacy and clearly explaining confidentiality. Finally, GPs can provide reassurance that it is common to feel distress at times, and that symptoms can be a normal response to stressful events (Rickwood et al., 2007). Schools For the small percentage of youth who do receive service, this typically occurs in a school setting. School-based mental health (SBMH) programs and services not only enhance access to services for youth, but also reduce stigma for help seeking, increase opportunities to promote generalization and enhance capacity for mental health promotion and problem prevention efforts (Paternite, 2005). There is compelling evidence of the effectiveness of a range of school-based interventions in primary and secondary schools for children and young people at risk of substance abuse (Vimpani, 2005). One study found that participation in a school-based intervention beginning in preschool was associated with a wide range of positive outcomes, including less depressive symptoms (Reynolds et al., 2009). Best elements for SBMH include: (a) schoolfamilycommunity agency partnerships, (b) commitment to a full continuum of mental health education, mental health promotion, assessment, problem prevention, early intervention, and treatment, and (c) services for all youth, including those in general and special education. A strong connection between schools and other community agencies and programs also assists in moving a community toward a system of care, and promotes opportunities for developing more comprehensive and responsive programs and services (Paternite, 2005). Government policy There are a number of examples of governmental policy and program to enhance youth mental health. The new Medicare-based scheme now includes a suite of measures designed to increase access to appropriate and affordable forms of evidence-based psychological care. Unfortunately, it largely reverts to traditional individual fee-for-service structures. There are no requirements for geographical distribution of services, despite the evidence of gross mal-distribution of mental health specialist services in Australia and the proven contribution of lack of mental health services to increased suicide rates in rural and regional communities (Hickie and McGorry, 2007). Transformation is also occurring in primary care in Australia. GPs are increasing their skills, providing new evidence-based medication and psychological treatments, and beginning to emphasise long term functional outcomes rather than short-term relief of symptoms. Early-intervention paradigms depend on earlier presentation for treatment. Future progress now depends on development of an effective and accessible youth-health and related primary care network. (Hickie et al., 2005). As for substance abuse, The National Campaign Against Drug Abuse (now known as the National Drug Strategy) was established in 1985. It is an inter-governmental and strategic approach based on national and state government cooperation and planning. The campaign has been adopted to bring together research and practice relevant to the treatment and prevention to protect the healthy development of children and youth (Williams et al., 2005). Existing programs There are several existing programs which address youth mental health and substance abuse. Knowing which programs exist may help us in understanding existing resources and knowledge, learning best practices, and recognising what else needs to be done. Australian programs: * The National Youth Mental Health Foundation headspace: providing mental and health wellbeing support, information and services to young people aged 12 to 25 years and their families across Australia. www.headspace.org.au * MindMatters is a national mental health initiative funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. It is a professional development program supporting Australian secondary schools in promoting and protecting the mental health, social and emotional wellbeing of all the members of school communities. www.mindmatters.edu.au * Mindframe: a national Australian Governments program aimed at improving media reporting on mental health issues, providing access to accurate information about suicide and mental illness and portraying these issues in the news media and on stage and screen in Australia. www.mindframe-media.info * The Personal Assessment and Crises Evaluation (PACE) clinic provides treatment for young people who are identified as being at ultra high risk. It involves facilitated groups using adult learning principles based on a curriculum addressing adolescent communication, conflict resolution and adolescent development. http://cp.oyh.org.au/ClinicalPrograms/pace * The Gatehouse Project has been developed in Australia as an enhancement program for use in the secondary school environment. It incorporates professional training for teachers and an emotional competence curriculum for students and is designed to make changes in the social and learning environments of the school as well as promoting change at the individual level. www.rch.org.au/gatehouseproject * Pathways to Prevention: a universal, early intervention, developmental prevention project focused on the transition to school in one of the most disadvantaged urban areas in Queensland. * The Positive Parenting Program (Triple P), which has been implemented widely in Australia and elsewhere for parents of preschool children, has also been implemented for parents of primary school-aged children. http://www1.triplep.net * The Family Partnerships training program, now established in several Australian states and already incorporated into maternal and child health and home visitor training, is designed to improve the establishment of an effective respectful partnership between health workers and their clients. Other international programs: * ARC (Availability, Responsiveness and Continuity): an organizational and community intervention model that was designed to support the improvement of social and mental health services for children. The ARC model incorporates intervention components from organizational development, inter-organizational domain development, the diffusion of innovation, and technology transfer that target social, strategic, and technological factors in effective childrens services. * Preparing for the Drug Free Years (PDFY) is a universal prevention programme targeted at parents of pre-adolescents (aged 8 -14 years) that has been subjected to several large-scale dissemination and effectiveness studies across 30 states of the United States and Canada involving 120000 families. Future directions This paper suggests that despite a wealth of knowledge and information on appropriate interventional methods, services to address youth mental health in Australia are not consistently provided and are often under-funded. New evidence is continuously available for professionals; however this knowledge has often failed to filter through to the community and those in need. As Bertolote McGorry (2005) asserted, despite the availability of interventions that can reduce relapses by more than 50%, not all affected individuals have access to them, and when they do, it is not always in a timely and sustained way. The major health problems for young people are largely preventable. Access to primary-health services is seen as an important component of care, including preventive health for young people. Young people need services that are sensitive to their unique stage of biological, cognitive, and psychosocial transition into adulthood, and an impression of how health services can be made more youth-friendly has emerged (Tylee et al., 2007). Existing and new extended community networks, including business, schools, sporting bodies, government sectors, community agencies and the broader community are asked to play their part in mental health promotion and illness prevention. These networks will: * bring together all service sectors and the broader community in closer collaboration in the promotion of mental health; * exchange information about, and increase understanding of existing activities, and encourage new ones; * develop and strengthen the mental health promoting aspects of existing activities; develop greater mental health promotion skills right across the community; and * encourage an environment that fosters and welcomes new ideas, and supports adaptation and innovation to respond to a new environment (Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit, ACT, 2006). As for substance misuse, despite acknowledgement of the substantial costs associated with alcohol misuse within Australia, there have not been serious attempts to reduce alcohol harm using the major levers of mass-marketing campaigns, accompanied by significant changes to alcohol price and regulatory controls. Young people continue to be given conflicting messages regarding the social acceptability of consuming alcohol (Lubmen et al., 2007). According to the Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit (2006), ideas about the best strategies for supporting the mental health of the community are undergoing great change in Australia and internationally, with a growing focus on preventative approaches. Mental health promotion and prevention are roles for the whole community and all sectors of government. Although Australia has slipped behind in early intervention reform, it is now emerging that the situation can improve and that Australia can again be at the forefront of early intervention work. Here are some proposals as to how this can best be achieved: Guaranteed access to specialist mental health services for a minimum period of 3 years post-diagnosis for all young people aged 1525 with a first-episode of psychosis. New funding is clearly required to support this. Such funding must be quarantined into new structures, programmes and teams. The child versus adult psychiatry service model split is a serious flaw for early intervention and for modern and appropriate developmental psychiatry models. It needs to be transcended by proactive youth-orientated models. Early detection and engagement can be radically improved through such reforms and specialist mental health care can also be delivered in a less salient and stigmatized manner. McGorry et al. (2007) suggested four service levels that are required to fully manage mental illness among young people: Improving community capacity to deal with mental health problems in young people through e-health, provision of information, first aid training and self-care initiatives; Primary care services provided by general practitioners and other frontline service providers, such as school counsellors, community health workers, and non-government agency youth workers; Enhanced primary care services provided by GPs (ideally working in collaboration with specialist mental health service providers in co-located multidisciplinary service centres) as well as team-based virtual networks; Specialist youth-specific (1225 years) mental health services providing comprehensive assessment, treatment and social and vocational recovery services (McGorry et al., 2007). Elements of successful programs (best practices) Revising the vast research on preventing mental disorders and promoting mental health among youth, particularly in Australia, as well as examining some of the successful and effective programs in the field, the following items summarise elements of current best practice: Holistic approaches and community engagement: Adopt holistic approaches which integrate mental health promotion with other aspects of community and individual wellbeing Balance between universal and targeted programmes and their relative cost-effectiveness. Engage young people, the community and youth support services in working together to build the resilience of young people, and encourage early help and help seeking when problems occur Community engagement with the youth, and youth engagement with the community Outreach workers, selected community members and young people themselves are involved in reaching out with health services to young people in the community Promote community-based health facility: including stand-alone units (which are generally run by non-governmental organisations or by private individuals or institutions), and units that are an integral part of a district or municipal health system (that are run by the government). Access to services and information: Make services more accessible to youth by collaborating with schools, GPs, parents etc. Social marketing to reduce stigma and make information more accessible Have more information online for young people with mental health issues, their families and peers. Promote understanding among community members of the benefits that young people will gain by obtaining health services Reduce costs Improve convenience of point of delivery working hours and locations Assure youth-friendly primary-care services Have other players in the community involved in promotion of youth mental health, such as schools, GPs, and community centres Practitioners training Ensure confidentiality and privacy (including discreet entrance) Addressing inequities (including gender inequities) and easing the respect, protection, and fulfilment of human rights Inter-sectoral and inter-organisational collaboration: Enable organisations to work in partnership towards shared goals Lead to multi agency, client centred service delivery and care Research and support: Provide support such as information and training for the community and for mental health carers and consumers to plan and participate in mental health promotion activity Acknowledge formal and informal knowledge Policy: Promoting a whole-of-government response to support optimal development health and well-being outcomes Policies and procedures are in place that ensure health services that are either free or affordable to all young people